The Firework of the 1800s

 

Young Child with Sparkler, 1892

Library of Congress

During the 1800s, pyrotechnics used for fireworks displays were primarily based on gunpowder and a few other chemicals. While the specific formulations varied, here are some of the key pyrotechnic compositions commonly used:

Gunpowder (Black Powder): Gunpowder was the fundamental ingredient in most fireworks during that time. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). This composition, when ignited, burns rapidly, creating the explosive effects and propulsive force needed for various types of fireworks.

Stars: Stars were small spherical or cylindrical pellets made from a mixture of gunpowder and various chemicals. These chemicals produced different colored flames or sparks when ignited. Common substances used to create colored stars included metal salts, such as strontium for red, barium for green, and copper for blue.

Bursting Charges: Bursting charges were pyrotechnic compositions placed inside rockets or other aerial fireworks. These charges contained a mix of gunpowder and other chemicals that would explode upon ignition, creating the vibrant bursts of sparks and colors seen in the sky.

Whistles and Crackling Compositions: Pyrotechnic mixtures were used to produce sound effects in fireworks. Whistles were created by adding a composition that produced a high-pitched whistling noise when ignited. Crackling compositions contained substances that rapidly burned and crackled, generating a series of popping sounds.

Spark Compositions: Spark compositions were used in sparklers and certain types of fireworks. These compositions typically involved a mix of metal powders (such as iron, aluminum, or magnesium) and oxidizers. When ignited, these compositions produced bright sparks that added visual appeal to the fireworks display.

pyrotechnic compositions during the 1800s were simpler compared to the wide range of modern chemicals and effects available today. But they still provided an awe-inspiring display of light, color, and sound, creating a sense of celebration and wonder during Fourth of July festivities.